💊 Magnesium

minerals Evidence: strong 600+ studies

Essential mineral involved in 300+ enzymatic reactions. Critical for muscle function, sleep, energy production. Most people deficient.

How It Works

Cofactor for ATP (all ATP exists as Mg-ATP complex). NMDA receptor antagonist (calming). Required for vitamin D activation. Regulates muscle contraction/relaxation (Ca2+ antagonist). GABA receptor modulation.

Dosage & Timing

Dosage Guide
Daily Dose200-400 mg

TimingEvening (promotes sleep/relaxation). Split if GI sensitive.

BioavailabilityVaries dramatically by form. Oxide: ~4%. Citrate: ~30%. Glycinate: ~80%. Glycinate and threonate best for brain penetration.

Optimal Timing

Evening preferred — promotes relaxation and sleep. Take with food to reduce GI effects. Avoid within 2 hours of calcium supplements (competition for absorption).

Blood Markers to Monitor

Deficiency Symptoms

Cycling & Duration

No cycling required — safe for continuous daily use.

Best Forms (Ranked)

Magnesium Glycinate — ★★★★★

Best absorption. Minimal GI effects. Good for sleep/anxiety. Our top pick.

Magnesium Citrate — ★★★★☆

Good absorption. Laxative effect at high doses. Cheaper than glycinate.

Magnesium L-Threonate — ★★★★★

Best brain penetration. Improves cognitive function. Expensive.

Magnesium Oxide — ★☆☆☆☆

Poor absorption (~4%). Mostly laxative. Avoid for supplementation.

Magnesium Malate — ★★★★☆

Good for fibromyalgia/muscle pain. Energizing — take morning/afternoon.

Evidence-Based Benefits

Side Effects & Safety

✅ Good For

  • Essentially everyone (50%+ of population deficient)
  • Athletes (increased loss through sweat)
  • Poor sleepers
  • Muscle cramp sufferers
  • High stress individuals

⚠️ Skip If

  • Severe renal impairment
  • Myasthenia gravis (may worsen symptoms)

Stacks Well With

Vitamin D3 Zinc (evening) Glycine Melatonin (sleep synergy)

Recommended Products

Affiliate links — we may earn commission.

Pure Encapsulations Magnesium Glycinate

★★★★★ 4.8/5
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NOW Magtein (Magnesium L-Threonate)

★★★★★ 4.5/5
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